Imvelaphi

Ingxaki yamandla yenze ukuba iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri ye-lithium-ion (ESS) zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, kodwa kuye kwakho iingozi ezininzi ezinobungozi ezibangele umonakalo kwizakhiwo kunye nokusingqongileyo, ilahleko yezoqoqosho, kunye nokulahlekelwa kweengozi. ubomi. Uphando lufumene ukuba nangona i-ESS idibene nemigangatho ehambelana neenkqubo zebhetri, ezifana ne-UL 9540 kunye ne-UL 9540A, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-thermal kunye nomlilo kwenzeke. Ngoko ke, ukufunda izifundo kwiimeko ezidlulileyo kunye nokuhlalutya ingozi kunye nemilinganiselo yazo iya kunceda ukuphuhliswa kweteknoloji ye-ESS.

Uphononongo lwamatyala

Oku kulandelayo kushwankathela iimeko zengozi ze-ESS enkulu kwihlabathi liphela ukusuka ngo-2019 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, eziye zaxelwa esidlangalaleni.

Izizathu zezi ngozi zingasentla zinokushwankathelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

I-1) Ukungaphumeleli kweseli yangaphakathi kubangela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-thermal yebhetri kunye nemodyuli, kwaye ekugqibeleni kubangela ukuba yonke i-ESS ibambe umlilo okanye iqhume.

Ukungaphumeleli okubangelwa kukusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-thermal yeseli kubonwa ngokusisiseko ukuba umlilo olandelwa kukudubula. Umzekelo, iingozi zesikhululo samandla saseMcMicken e-Arizona, eMelika ngo-2019 kunye nesikhululo samandla saseFengtai eBeijing, eChina ngo-2021 zombini zaqhuma emva komlilo. Isiganeko esinjalo sibangelwa ukungaphumeleli kweseli enye, ebangela ukusabela kweekhemikhali zangaphakathi, ukukhulula ukushisa (i-exothermic reaction), kwaye ukushisa kuyaqhubeka nokunyuka kunye nokusabalalisa kwiiseli ezikufutshane kunye neemodyuli, ezibangela umlilo okanye ukuqhuma. Imowudi yokungaphumeleli yeseli ngokubanzi ibangelwa kukugqithiswa okanye ukungaphumeleli kwenkqubo yokulawula, ukubonakaliswa kwe-thermal, isiphaluka esifutshane sangaphandle kunye nesiphaluka esifutshane sangaphakathi (esinokuthi sibangelwa iimeko ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-indentation okanye i-dent, ukungcola kwezinto eziphathekayo, ukungena kwizinto zangaphandle, njl. ).

Emva kokusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-thermal yeseli, igesi enokutsha iya kuveliswa. Ukusuka ngasentla unokuqaphela ukuba iimeko ezintathu zokuqala zokuqhuma zinesizathu esifanayo, oko kukuthi igesi evuthayo ayikwazi ukukhupha ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Ngeli xesha, ibhetri, imodyuli kunye nenkqubo yokungenisa umoya yesikhongozeli zibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo iigesi zikhutshwa kwibhetri ngevalve yokukhupha, kwaye ukulawulwa koxinzelelo lwevalve yokukhupha inokunciphisa ukuqokelelwa kweegesi ezinokutsha. Kwinqanaba lemodyuli, ngokubanzi ifeni yangaphandle okanye uyilo lokupholisa iqokobhe luya kusetyenziswa ukunqanda ukuqokelelana kweegesi ezinokutsha. Ekugqibeleni, kwinqanaba leebhokisi, izibonelelo zokungenisa umoya kunye neenkqubo zokubeka iliso nazo ziyafuneka ukuba zikhuphe iigesi ezinokutsha.

2) Ukungaphumeleli kwe-ESS okubangelwa ukungaphumeleli kwenkqubo yokuncedisa yangaphandle

Ukungaphumeleli kwe-ESS ngokubanzi okubangelwa ukusilela kwenkqubo yokuncedisa ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka ngaphandle kwenkqubo yebhetri kwaye kunokubangela ukutshisa okanye umsi kwizinto zangaphandle. Kwaye xa inkqubo ibeka iliso kwaye iphendule kuyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo, ayiyi kukhokelela ekungaphumeleli kweseli okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-thermal. Kwiingozi zesikhululo soMbane weVistra Moss iSigaba 1 2021 kunye neSigaba 2 2022, kwaveliswa umsi kunye nomlilo ngenxa yokuba ukubekwa esweni kobuphene kunye nezixhobo zombane ezingakhuselekanga zacinywa ngelo xesha ngexesha lesigaba sokugunyazisa kwaye azikwazanga ukuphendula ngexesha elifanelekileyo. . Olu hlobo lokutshisa idangatye ludla ngokuqala ngaphandle kwenkqubo yebhetri phambi kokuba ekugqibeleni lunwenwele ngaphakathi kwiseli, ngoko ke akukho mpendulo yobundlobongela exothermic kunye nokuqokelelwa kwerhasi etshayo, kwaye ke akukho luqhushumbo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba inkqubo yokutshiza ingavulwa kwangethuba, ayisayi kubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwiziko.

Ingozi yomlilo "yeSikhululo saMandla seVictorian" e-Geelong, e-Australia ngo-2021 yabangelwa isiphaluka esifutshane kwibhetri ebangelwa ukuvuza okupholileyo, okusikhumbuza ukuba sinikele ingqalelo ekuzihlukaniseni ngokomzimba kwenkqubo yebhetri. Kunconywa ukugcina indawo ethile phakathi kwezixhobo zangaphandle kunye nenkqubo yebhetri ukuphepha ukuphazamiseka okufanayo. Inkqubo yebhetri kufuneka ixhotyiswe ngomsebenzi wokugquma ukuphepha isiphaluka esifutshane sangaphandle.

Amanyathelo okunqanda

Ukususela kuhlalutyo olungentla, kuyacaca ukuba izizathu zezingozi ze-ESS kukusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-thermal yeseli kunye nokungaphumeleli kwenkqubo yokuncedisa. Ukuba ukusilela akunakuthintelwa, ke ukunciphisa ukuwohloka ngakumbi emva kokungaphumeleli kokuthintela kunokunciphisa ilahleko. Imilinganiselo yokuchasana inokuqwalaselwa kule miba ilandelayo:

Ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwe-thermal emva kokusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-thermal yeseli

Umqobo we-insulation unokongezwa ukuthintela ukusasazeka kokusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-thermal yeseli, enokufakwa phakathi kweeseli, phakathi kweemodyuli okanye phakathi kwee-racks. Kwisihlomelo se-NFPA 855 (uMgangatho woFakelo lweeNkqubo zokuGcina aMandla okuSimayo), unokufumana kwakhona iimfuno ezinxulumeneyo. Amanyathelo athile okuhlukanisa umqobo kubandakanya ukufaka iipleyiti zamanzi abandayo, i-airgel kunye nokuthanda phakathi kweeseli.

Isixhobo sokucima umlilo kwisixokelelwano sebhetri singongezwa ukuze sikwazi ukusabela ngokukhawuleza ukuze sivule isixhobo sokucima umlilo xa kuxhatshazwa ubushushu kwiseli enye. I-chemistry emva kweengozi zomlilo ze-lithium-ion ikhokelela kwidizayini yokucima umlilo eyahlukileyo kwiinkqubo zokugcina amandla kunezisombululo eziqhelekileyo zokucima umlilo, kungekhona nje ukucima umlilo, kodwa nokunciphisa ukushisa kwebhetri. Ngaphandle koko, ukusabela kweekhemikhali exothermic kwiiseli kuya kuqhubeka ukwenzeka kwaye kubangele ukuvutha kwakhona.

Ukhathalelo olongezelelweyo luyafuneka xa kukhethwa izixhobo zokucima umlilo. Ukuba amanzi atshizwe ngokuthe ngqo kwisingxobo sebhetri esivuthayo anokuvelisa umxube werhasi enokutsha. Kwaye ukuba i-casing yebhetri okanye isakhelo senziwe ngentsimbi, amanzi akayi kuthintela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-thermal. Ezinye iimeko zibonisa ukuba amanzi okanye ezinye iindidi zolwelo ezidibana neetheminali zebhetri nazo zinokuwenza mandundu umlilo. Umzekelo, kwingozi yomlilo yesikhululo samandla seVistra Moss Landing ngoSeptemba 2021, iingxelo zabonisa ukuba imibhobho yokupholisa yesi sikhululo kunye nokudibanisa imibhobho ayiphumelelanga, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba amanzi atshizwe kwiiracks zebhetri kwaye ekugqibeleni kubangele ukuba iibhetri zihambe ngokufutshane kunye ne-arc.

1.Ukukhutshwa kwangethuba kweegesi ezinokutsha

Zonke ezi ngxelo zingentla zalatha kugxininiso lweerhasi ezinokutsha njengoyena nobangela uphambili wokudubula. Ke ngoko, uyilo lwesiza kunye noyilo, ukubeka iliso kwegesi kunye neenkqubo zokungenisa umoya zibalulekile ekunciphiseni lo mngcipheko. Kumgangatho we-NFPA 855 kukhankanyiwe ukuba inkqubo yokukhangela igesi eqhubekayo iyafuneka. Xa iqondo elithile legesi etshayo (okt i-25% ye-LFL) lifunyenwe, inkqubo iya kuqalisa ukukhupha umoya. Ukongeza, umgangatho wovavanyo we-UL 9540A ukhankanya imfuneko yokuqokelela i-exhaust kunye nokubona umda ophantsi wegesi LFL.

Ukongeza kwi-venting, ukusetyenziswa kweepaneli zokunceda ukuqhuma kukwacetyiswa. Kukhankanyiwe kwi-NFPA 855 ukuba ii-ESSs kufuneka zifakwe kwaye zigcinwe ngokuhambelana ne-NFPA 68 (uMgangatho woKhuseleko lokuPhuma ngokuVela kwe-Deflagration) kunye ne-NFPA 69 (iMigangatho kwiiNkqubo zoKhuseleko lokuPhuma). Nangona kunjalo, xa inkqubo ihambelana noVavanyo loMlilo kunye noKuqhushumba (UL 9540A okanye ilingana), inokukhululwa kule mfuneko. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko iimeko zovavanyo zingayimeli ngokupheleleyo imeko yokwenyani, ukuphuculwa kokungena komoya kunye nokukhusela ugqabhuko-dubulo kuyacetyiswa.

2.Ukuthintela ukusilela kweenkqubo ezincedisayo

Ukungonelanga kwenkqubo yesoftware/inkqubo ye-firmware kunye neenkqubo zokugunyazisa/ukuqalisa kwangaphambili nazo zibe negalelo kwiziganeko zomlilo zeSikhululo saMandla seVictorian kunye neVistra Moss Landing Power Station. Kumlilo weSikhululo saMandla seVictorian, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-thermal okuqaliswe ngenye yeemodyuli akuzange kuchongwe okanye kuvinjwe, kwaye umlilo olandelayo awuzange uphazamiseke. Isizathu sokuba le meko yenzeke kukuba ukugunyaziswa kwakungadingeki ngelo xesha, kwaye inkqubo yavalwa ngesandla, kubandakanywa nenkqubo ye-telemetry, ukubeka iliso kwimpazamo kunye nesixhobo sombane esingaphumeleliyo. Ukongeza, inkqubo yoLawulo lokuLawula nokuFumana iiNkcukacha (i-SCADA) nayo ibingekasebenzi, njengoko kuthathe iiyure ezingama-24 ukuseka ukuqhagamshelwa kwezixhobo.

Ke ngoko, kucetyiswa ukuba naziphi na iimodyuli ezingasebenziyo kufuneka zibe nezixhobo ezifana ne-telemetry esebenzayo, ukubekwa iliso kwempazamo kunye nezixhobo zokhuseleko zombane, kunokuba uvale ngesandla ngokuvala ukutshixa. Zonke izixhobo zokukhusela umbane kufuneka zigcinwe kwimodi esebenzayo. Ukongeza, iinkqubo ze-alamu ezongezelelweyo kufuneka zongezwe ukuchonga nokuphendula kwiziganeko ezahlukeneyo zongxamiseko.

Impazamo yeprogram yeprogram yafunyanwa kwakhona kwi-Vistra Moss Landing Power station yeSigaba 1 kunye ne-2, njengoko umda wokuqalisa wawungagqithwanga, i-bettery heat sink ivuliwe. Kwangaxeshanye, ukungaphumeleli kombhobho wokudibanisa umbhobho wamanzi kunye nokuvuza komgangatho ophezulu webhetri ukwenza amanzi afumaneke kwimodyuli yebhetri kwaye abangele isiphaluka esifutshane. Le mizekelo mibini ibonisa indlela ekubaluleke ngayo ukuba isoftware/inkqubo ye-firmware ijongwe kwaye icocwe phambi kwenkqubo yokuqalisa.

Isishwankathelo

Ngokuhlalutya kweengozi ezininzi zomlilo kwisikhululo sokugcina amandla, ingqwalaselo ephezulu kufuneka inikwe umoya kunye nokulawula ukuqhuma, ukufakela ngokufanelekileyo kunye neenkqubo zokugunyazisa, kubandakanywa ukuhlolwa kweprogram yesofthiwe, enokuthintela iingozi zebhetri. Ukongeza, isicwangciso esibanzi sokusabela kwingxakeko kufuneka siphuhliswe ukujongana nokuveliswa kweegesi ezinetyhefu kunye nezinto.