Imvelaphi

Ngophuhliso lwetekhnoloji kunye nokukhawuleza koshishino, iikhemikhali zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso. Ezi zinto zinokubangela ukungcoliseka kwendalo ngexesha lemveliso, ukusetyenziswa, nokukhutshelwa, nto leyo ephazamisa ulungelelwaniso lwe-ecosystem. Ezinye iikhemikhali ezine-carcinogenic, mutagenic, kunye neepropathi ezinetyhefu nazo zinokubangela izifo ezahlukeneyo phantsi kokuvezwa kwexesha elide, zibeka isoyikiso kwimpilo yabantu.

Njengomgqugquzeli obalulekileyo wokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo lwamazwe ngamazwe, i-European Union (EU) ngoko ithatha amanyathelo ngokukhutheleyo kwaye ibeka imimiselo yokuthintela izinto ezahlukeneyo ezinobungozi ngelixa isomeleza uvavanyo kunye nokulawulwa kweekhemikhali zokunciphisa umonakalo kwindalo kunye nabantu. I-EU iya kuqhubeka ihlaziya kwaye iphucula imithetho kunye nemimiselo ekuphenduleni kwimiba emitsha yokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo njengenkqubela phambili yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe kunye nokuqonda ukuqonda kwangaphambili. Apha ngezantsi kukho ingcaciso enzulu kwimigaqo/imigaqo echaphazelekayo ye-EU kwiimfuno zemichiza.

Umyalelo weRoHS

Ngowama-2011/65/EU Umyalelo wokuthintelwa kokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezithile eziyingozi kwizixhobo zombane neze-elektroniki(Umyalelo weRoHS) yiumyalelo osinyanzeloyenziwe yi-EU. UMyalelo we-RoHS umisela imithetho yokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziyingozi kwisixhobo sombane kunye ne-elektroniki (EEE), ejolise ekukhuseleni impilo yabantu kunye nokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, kunye nokukhuthaza ukusetyenzwa kwakhona kunye nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma yombane kunye nezixhobo zombane.

Ubungakanani besicelo

Isixhobo sombane kunye nesixhobo sombane esinombane olinganiselweyo ongagqithiyo kwi-1000V AC okanye i-1500V DCkubandakanya, kodwa akuphelelanga apho, kwezi ndidi zilandelayo:

izixhobo zekhaya ezinkulu, izixhobo zekhaya ezincinci, iteknoloji yolwazi kunye nezixhobo zonxibelelwano, izixhobo zabathengi, izixhobo zokukhanyisa, izixhobo zombane kunye ne-elektroniki, amathoyizi kunye nezixhobo zemidlalo yokuzonwabisa, izixhobo zonyango, izixhobo zokubeka iliso (kubandakanywa ii-detectors zoshishino), kunye noomatshini bokuthengisa.

Imfuneko

Umyalelo we-RoHS ufuna ukuba izinto ezithintelweyo kwizixhobo zombane neze-elektroniki zingagqithi kwimida yazo yoxinaniso iphezulu. Iinkcukacha zezi zilandelayo:

Ileyibhile

Abavelisi kufuneka bakhuphe isibhengezo sokuthotyelwa, baqulunqe amaxwebhu obugcisa, kwaye bancamathele uphawu lweCE kwiimveliso ukubonisa ukuthotyelwa koMgaqo weRoHS.Amaxwebhu obugcisa kufuneka abandakanye iingxelo zokuhlalutywa kwezinto, amatyala ezinto eziphathekayo, izibhengezo zomthengisi, njl. njl. iitshekhi. Iimveliso ezingahambelaniyo nemigaqo zinokuthi zikhunjulwe.

FIKELELA kuMgaqo

(EC) Hayi 1907/2006IMITHETHO emalunga noBhaliso, uVavanyo, uGunyaziso kunye noThintelo lweMichiza (REACH), engummiselo wobhaliso, uvavanyo, ugunyaziso kunye nothintelo lwamachiza, umele umthetho obalulekileyo wolawulo lothintelo lwe-EU lweekhemikhali ezingena kwimarike yayo. Ummiselo we-REACH ujolise ekuqinisekiseni umgangatho ophezulu wokukhusela impilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo, ukukhuthaza iindlela ezizezinye zokuvavanya ubungozi bezinto, ukuququzelela ukuhanjiswa simahla kwezinto ngaphakathi kwimarike yangaphakathi, kwaye kwangaxeshanye kuphuculwe ukukhuphisana kunye nokusungula izinto ezintsha.Amacandelo aphambili omgaqo we-REACH abandakanya ubhaliso, uvavanyo,ugunyaziso, kunye nothintelo.

Ubhaliso

Wonke umenzi okanye umngenisi kumazwe angaphandle owenza okanye ongenisa iikhemikhali zizonke ngobuninzingaphezulu kwetoni enye/ngonyakaifuneka ukubangenisa idosi yobugcisa kwi-Arhente yeMichiza yaseYurophu (ECHA) ukuze ubhalise. Yezintongaphezulu kweetoni ezili-10 ngonyaka, kufuneka kwenziwe uvavanyo lokhuseleko lweekhemikhali, kwaye makuzaliswe ingxelo yokhuseleko lweekhemikhali.

• Ukuba imveliso iqulethe i-Substances of High Concern (SVHC) kwaye i-concentration idlula i-0.1% (ngobunzima), umenzi okanye umthengisi kufuneka anike iPhepha leDatha loKhuseleko (SDS) kubasebenzisi abasezantsi kwaye bangenise ulwazi kwi-database ye-SCIP.
• Ukuba i-concentration ye-SVHC idlula i-0.1% ngobunzima kwaye ubuninzi bungaphezulu kwe-1 tonne / ngonyaka, umenzi okanye umthengisi wenqaku kufuneka azise i-ECHA.
• Ukuba ubungakanani obupheleleyo bento ebhalisiweyo okanye eyaziswayo ifikelela kumda wetoni elandelayo, umlimi okanye umngenisi welizwe kufuneka anike i-ECHA ngokukhawuleza ulwazi olongezelelweyo olufunekayo kwelo nqanaba letoni.

Uvavanyo

Inkqubo yovavanyo inamacandelo amabini: uvandlakanyo lwedosi kunye novandlakanyo lwento.

Uphononongo lwedosi lubhekiselele kwinkqubo apho i-ECHA iphonononga ulwazi lwedosi yobugcisa, iimfuno zolwazi olusemgangathweni, uhlolo lokhuseleko lweekhemikhali, kunye neengxelo zokhuseleko lwekhemikhali ezifakwe ngamashishini ukumisela ukuthobela kwawo iimfuno ezimiselweyo. Ukuba abahlangabezani neemfuno, ishishini liyafuneka ukuba lingenise ulwazi oluyimfuneko ngexesha elilinganiselweyo. I-ECHA ikhetha ubuncinane i-20% yeefayile ezingaphezulu kweetoni ezili-100 ngonyaka ukuze zihlolwe ngonyaka.

Uvavanyo lweziyobisi yinkqubo yokumisela iingozi ezibangelwa yimichiza kwimpilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Le nkqubo ibandakanya uvavanyo lwetyhefu yabo, iindlela zokuvezwa, amanqanaba okuvezwa, kunye nokwenzakala okunokwenzeka. Ngokusekelwe kwidatha yengozi kunye neetoni zezinto zekhemikhali, i-ECHA iphuhlisa isicwangciso sovavanyo lweminyaka emithathu. Abasemagunyeni abanobuchule baye benza uphononongo lwezixhobo ngokuhambelana nesi sicwangciso kwaye banxibelelane neziphumo.

Ugunyaziso

Injongo yogunyaziso kukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwemarike yangaphakathi, ukuba imingcipheko ye-SVHC ilawulwa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ezi zinto zitshintshwa ngokuthe ngcembe zezinye izinto okanye ubugcisa obufanelekileyo ngokwezoqoqosho nangokwezobuchwepheshe. Izicelo zogunyaziso kufuneka zingeniswe kwi-European Environmental Agency kunye nefom yesicelo sogunyaziso. Ukuhlelwa kwe-SVHC ikakhulu kubandakanya ezi ndidi zilandelayo:

(1) Izinto ze-CMR: Izinto zi-carcinogenic, i-mutagenic kunye netyhefu ekuveliseni

(2) Izinto ze-PBT: Izinto eziqhubekayo, i-bioaccumulative kunye netyhefu (PBT)

(3) vPvB izinto: Izinto ziqhubeka kakhulu kwaye bioaccumulative kakhulu

(4) Ezinye izinto ezinobungqina besayensi bokuba zinokuba neziphumo ezibi kwimpilo yabantu okanye kokusingqongileyo.

Uthintelo

I-ECHA iya kuthintela ukuveliswa okanye ukungeniswa kwento okanye inqaku kwi-EU ukuba iqwalasela ukuba inkqubo yokuvelisa, ukuvelisa, ukubeka kwimarike kubangela umngcipheko kwimpilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo okungenakukwazi ukulawulwa ngokufanelekileyo.Izinto okanye amanqaku aqukiweyo kuLuhlu lweMichiza eMiselweyo (FIKE kwiSihlomelo XVII) kufuneka ahambelane nezithintelo phambi kokuba ziveliswe, zenziwe okanye zibekwe kwimarike kwi-EU, kwaye iimveliso ezingahambelaniyo neemfuno ziya kukhunjuzwa kwaye.ohlwaywe.

Okwangoku, iimfuno ze-REACH Annex XVII zibandakanyiwe kwi-EU's New Battery Regulation.. To ukungenisa kwimarike ye-EU, kuyimfuneko ukuthobela iimfuno ze-REACH Annex XVII.

Ileyibhile

Ummiselo we-REACH njengangoku awukho kumda wolawulo lweCE, kwaye akukho zimfuneko zesatifikethi sokungqinelana okanye ukumakishwa kwe-CE. Nangona kunjalo, i-European Union Market Supervision and Administration Agency iya kuhlala iqhuba uhlolo olungenamkhethe kwiimveliso kwimarike ye-EU, kwaye ukuba abafikeleli kwiimfuno zeREACH, baya kujongana nomngcipheko wokuphinda bakhunjulwe.

POPsUmmiselo

(EU) 2019/1021 Ummiselo kwiziNgcolisi zeZinto eziphilayo eziZingisayo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-POPs Regulation, ijolise ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwezi zinto kunye nokukhusela impilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo kwingozi yabo ngokuvalwa okanye ukukhawulela ukuveliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezingcolileyo eziphilayo eziqhubekayo. Izingcolisi eziphilayo eziqhubekayo (POPs) zizingcolisi eziphilayo ezizingisileyo, i-bio-accumulative, i-semi-volatile, kunye netyhefu enkulu, ezikwaziyo ukuthutha umgama omde okubeka ingozi enkulu kwimpilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo ngomoya, amanzi, kunye izinto eziphilayo.

I-POPs Regulation isebenza kuzo zonke izinto, imixube, kunye namanqaku angaphakathi kwe-EU.Idwelisa izinto ezifuna ukulawulwa kwaye ichaze imilinganiselo yolawulo ehambelanayo kunye neendlela zolawulo lwe-inventri. Ikwaphakamisa amanyathelo okunciphisa nokulawula ukukhululwa okanye ukukhutshwa kwawo. Ukongeza, ummiselo ukwabandakanya ulawulo kunye nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma equlathe ii-POPs, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amacandelo e-POPs ayatshatyalaliswa okanye afumana inguqu engenakubuyiseka, ukuze inkunkuma eseleyo kunye nokukhutshwayo kungabi sabonisa iimpawu zePOPs.

Ileyibhile

Ngokufana ne-REACH, ubungqina bokuthobela kunye nokuleyibhelishwa kwe-CE akufuneki okwangoku, kodwa izithintelo zolawulo kusafuneka kuhlangatyezwane nazo.

Ibhetri Directive

2006/66/EC Umyalelo kwiibhetri kunye nee-accumulators kunye neebhetri zenkunkuma kunye neziqokeleli(ebizwa ngokuba yi-Battery Directive), isebenza kuzo zonke iintlobo zeebhetri kunye ne-accumulators, ngaphandle kwezixhobo ezinxulumene nezinto ezibalulekileyo zokhuseleko lwamazwe angamaLungu e-EU kunye nezixhobo ezijoliswe ukuba ziqaliswe emajukujukwini. Lo myalelo ubeka izibonelelo zokubekwa kwimarike yeebhetri kunye neziqokeleli, kunye nezibonelelo ezithe ngqo zokuqokelelwa, ukunyanga, ukufunyanwa kunye nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma.Twakhe uMyalelokulindeleke ukubayatshitshiswa nge-18 ka-Agasti 2025.

Imfuneko

1. Zonke iibhetri kunye nee-accumulators ezibekwe kwimarike kunye nomxholo we-mercury (ngobunzima) obudlula i-0.0005% azivumelekanga.
2. Zonke iibhetri eziphathekayo kunye nee-accumulators ezibekwe kwimarike kunye nomxholo we-cadmium (ngobunzima) obudlula i-0.002 % azivumelekanga.
3. Ezi ngongoma zimbini zingentla azisebenzi kwiinkqubo ze-alam ezingxamisekileyo (kubandakanywa nokukhanya okungxamisekileyo) kunye nezixhobo zonyango.
4. Amashishini ayakhuthazwa ukuba aphucule ukusebenza ngokubanzi kokusingqongileyo kweebhetri kuwo wonke umjikelo wobomi babo, kwaye aphuhlise iibhetri kunye nee-accumulators ezinelothe encinci, imekyuri, i-cadmium kunye nezinye izinto eziyingozi.
5. Amazwe angamaLungu e-EU aya kuqulunqa izicwangciso ezifanelekileyo zokuqokelelwa kwebhetri, kwaye abavelisi/abahambisi baya kubhalisa kwaye babonelele ngeenkonzo zokuqokelelwa kwebhetri simahla kuMazwe angamaLungu apho bathengisa khona. Ukuba imveliso ixhotyiswe ngebhetri, umenzi wayo uthathwa njengomenzi webhetri.

Ileyibhile

Zonke iibhetri, ii-accumulators, kunye neepakethi zebhetri kufuneka ziphawulwe ngelogo enqamlezileyo yomgqomo wothuli, kunye nomthamo wazo zonke iibhetri eziphathwayo kunye nezithuthi kunye neziqokeleli zixhobo ziya kubonakaliswa kwileyibhile.Iibhetri nee-accumulators ezine-cadmium engaphezu kwe-0.002 % okanye ngaphezulu kwe-0.004 % ilothe ziya kuphawulwa ngesimboli yekhemikhali efanelekileyo (i-Cd okanye i-Pb) kwaye iya kugubungela ubuncinane ikota yendawo yesimboli.Ilogo iya kubonakala ngokucacileyo, ifundeke kwaye ingacimeki. Ukhuseleko kunye nemilinganiselo iya kuhambelana nezibonelelo ezifanelekileyo.

Ilogo yeDustbin

WEEE Directive

2012/19/EU Umyalelo kwinkunkuma yombane kunye nesixhobo sombane(WEEE) lulawulo oluphambili lwe-EUIngqokelela ye-WEEE kunye nonyango. Ibeka imilinganiselo yokukhusela imo engqongileyo kunye nempilo yabantu ngokuthintela okanye ukunciphisa iimpembelelo ezimbi zemveliso kunye nolawulo lwe-WEEE kunye nokukhuthaza uphuhliso oluzinzileyo ngokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kobutyebi.

Ububanzi beSicelo

Isixhobo sombane kunye nesixhobo sombane esinomthamo olinganisiweyo ongagqithiyo kwi-1000V AC okanye i-1500V DC, kubandakanywa ezi ntlobo zilandelayo:

Izixhobo zokutshintshiselana ngobushushu, izikrini, iziboniso kunye nezixhobo eziqulethe izikrini (ezinommandla ongaphezulu kwe-100 cm2), izixhobo ezinkulu (ezinobukhulu bangaphandle obudlula i-50cm), izixhobo ezincinci (ezinemilinganiselo yangaphandle engadluli kwi-50cm), iteknoloji yolwazi oluncinci kunye nezixhobo zonxibelelwano ( kunye nemilinganiselo yangaphandle engadluli kwi-50cm).

Imfuneko

1. Lo myalelo ufuna ukuba amazwe angamaLungu athathe amanyathelo afanelekileyo okukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwakhona, ukuchithwa kunye nokuhlaziywa kwe-WEEE kunye namacandelo ayo ngokuhambelana neiimfuno ze-eco-designyoMyalelo 2009/125/EC; abavelisi abayi kukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwe-WEEE ngeempawu ezithile zesakhiwo okanye iinkqubo zokuvelisa, ngaphandle kwakwiimeko ezizodwa.
2. AMazwe angamaLungu aya kuthatha amanyathelo afanelekileyoukuhlela ngokuchanekileyo kwaye uqokelele i-WEEE, ukunika kuqala izixhobo zokutshintshiselana kweqondo lokushisa eziqukethe izinto ezitshabalalisa i-ozone kunye ne-fluorinated greenhouse gases, izibane ezine-mercury ezine-fluorescent, iipaneli ze-photovoltaic kunye nezixhobo ezincinci. AMazwe angamaLungu nawo aya kuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa komgaqo "woxanduva lomvelisi", efuna iinkampani ukuba ziseke amaziko okurisayikilishwa ukuze kuphunyezwe umlinganiselo omncinci wonyaka wokuqokelelwa ngokusekelwe kubuninzi babantu. I-WEEE ehleliweyo kufuneka iphathwe ngokufanelekileyo.
3. Amashishini athengisa iimveliso zombane neze-elektroniki kwi-EU ziya kubhaliswa kwiLizwe eliLungu ekujoliswe kulo ukuze lithengiswe ngokuhambelana neemfuno ezifanelekileyo.
4. Izixhobo zombane nezombane kufuneka ziphawulwe ngeempawu ezifunekayo, ekufuneka zibonakale ngokucacileyo kwaye zingagugi lula ngaphandle kwesixhobo.
5. I-Directive ifuna amazwe angamaLungu ukuba aseke iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokukhuthaza kunye nezohlwayo zokuqinisekisa ukuba umxholo woMyalelo unokuphunyezwa ngokupheleleyo.

Ileyibhile

Ileyibhile ye-WEEE ifana neleyibhile yomyalelo webhetri, zombini ezo zifuna "isimboli sokuqokelela esahlukileyo" (i-logo ye-dustbin) ukuba imakishwe, kunye nemilinganiselo yobukhulu ingabhekisela kwisikhokelo sebhetri.

ELV Directive

2000/53/ECUmyalelo kwi-End-of life izithuthi(ELV Directive)ibandakanya zonke izithuthi kunye nezithuthi zokuphela kobomi, kubandakanywa amacandelo kunye nemathiriyeli.Ijolise ekuthinteleni ukuveliswa kwenkunkuma kwizithuthi, ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kunye nokubuyiselwa kwezithuthi zokuphela kwexesha kunye namacandelo azo kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kokusingqongileyo kwabo bonke abaqhubi ababandakanyekayo kumjikelo wobomi bezithuthi.

Imfuneko

1. Awona maxabiso aphezulu okugxininiswa ngobunzima kwizinto ezilinganayo aziyi kudlula i-0.1% yelothe, i-chromium enehexavalent kunye ne-mercury, kunye ne-0.01% ye-cadmium. Izithuthi kunye neengxenye zazo ezidlula imilinganiselo yoxinaniso ephezulu kwaye zingekho ngaphakathi kwendawo yokukhululwa aziyi kufakwa kwimarike.
2. Uyilo kunye nokuveliswa kwezithuthi kuya kunika ingqwalasela epheleleyo ekuhlelweni, ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona nasekusetyenzisweni ngokutsha kwezithuthi kunye neendawo zazo emva kokuba zilahliwe, kunye nemathiriyeli ehlaziyiweyo inokudityaniswa.
3. Abasebenzi bezoqoqosho baya kuseka iinkqubo zokuqokelela zonke izithuthi zobomi bokuphela kwexesha kwaye, apho kunokwenzeka ngokobuchule, iinxalenye zenkunkuma ezivela kulungiso lwezithuthi. Izithuthi zokuphela kobomi ziya kuhamba kunye nesatifikethi sokutshatyalaliswa kwaye zidluliselwe kwindawo yonyango egunyazisiweyo. Abavelisi baya kwenza ukuba kufumaneke ulwazi lokuqhawula, njl.njl. kwisithuba seenyanga ezintandathu emva kokubeka isithuthi kwimarike kwaye baya kuthwala zonke okanye uninzi lweendleko zokuqokelelwa, unyango kunye nokubuyiselwa kwezithuthi zokuphela kobomi.
4. Amazwe angamaLungu aya kuthatha amanyathelo ayimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba abaqhubi bezoqoqosho baseka iinkqubo ezaneleyo zokuqokelela izithuthi zokuphela kobomi kwaye bafezekise ukubuyisela okuhambelanayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kunye nokujoliswe kuyo ngokutsha kunye nokuba ukugcinwa kunye nokuphathwa kwazo zonke izithuthi zokuphela kobomi kuthatha. beka ngokuhambelana neemfuno ezisezantsi ezifanelekileyo.

Ileyibhile

Umyalelo we-ELV wangoku ubandakanyiwe kwiimfuno zomthetho omtsha webhetri we-EU. Ukuba yimveliso yebhetri yemoto, kufuneka ihlangabezane neemfuno ze-ELV kunye nomthetho webhetri phambi kokuba kufakwe uphawu lwe-CE.

Ukuqukumbela

Ukushwankathela, i-EU inoluhlu olubanzi lwezithintelo kwiikhemikhali zokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinobungozi kunye nokukhusela impilo yabantu kunye nokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo. Olu luhlu lwamanyathelo lunempembelelo enkulu kwishishini lebhetri, zombini ukukhuthaza uphuhliso lwezixhobo zebhetri ezihambelana nokusingqongileyo kunye nokukhuthaza ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe kunye nophuhliso, kunye nokuphucula ulwazi lwabathengi ngeemveliso ezifanelekileyo kunye nokusabalalisa ingcamango yophuhliso oluzinzileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa okuluhlaza. Njengoko imithetho efanelekileyo kunye nemimiselo iqhubeka iphucula kwaye iinzame zokulawula ziqiniswa, kukho izizathu zokukholelwa ukuba ishishini lebhetri liya kuqhubeka liphuhlisa ngendlela enempilo kwaye ihambelana nokusingqongileyo.