Okwangoku, uninzi lweengozi zokhuseleko lweebhetri ze-lithium-ion zenzeke ngenxa yokungaphumeleli kwesiphaluka sokukhusela, okubangela ukuba i-thermal runway yebhetri kwaye ibangele umlilo kunye nokuqhuma. Ke ngoko, ukuze uqaphele ukusetyenziswa okukhuselekileyo kwebhetri ye-lithium, uyilo lwesekethe yokhuseleko lubaluleke kakhulu, kwaye zonke iintlobo zezinto ezibangela ukusilela kwebhetri ye-lithium kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo. Ukongeza kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, ukungaphumeleli ngokusisiseko kubangelwa utshintsho kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo zangaphandle, ezifana nokugqithisa, ukukhutshwa ngokugqithisileyo kunye nokushisa okuphezulu. Ukuba ezi parameters zibekwe esweni ngexesha langempela kwaye amanyathelo okukhusela ahambelanayo aya kuthathwa xa atshintsha, ukuvela kwe-thermal runaway kunokugwenywa. Uyilo lokhuseleko lwebhetri ye-lithium lubandakanya iinkalo ezininzi: ukukhethwa kweeseli, ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo kunye nokuyila ukhuseleko olusebenzayo lwe-BMS.

Ukukhetha iseli

Kukho izinto ezininzi ezichaphazela ukhuseleko lweeseli apho ukhetho lwezixhobo zeseli lusisiseko. Ngenxa yeempawu zeekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo, ukhuseleko luyahluka kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ze-cathode zebhetri ye-lithium. Ngokomzekelo, i-lithium iron phosphate imile okwe-olivine, ezinzileyo kwaye akukho lula ukudilika. I-Lithium cobaltate kunye ne-lithium ternary, nangona kunjalo, ziyisakhiwo esinemaleko ekulula ukuwa. Ukukhetha ukwahlula kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoko ukusebenza kwayo kuhambelana ngokuthe ngqo nokhuseleko lweseli. Ke ngoko ekukhethweni kweeseli, kungekuphela nje iingxelo zokufumanisa kodwa kunye nenkqubo yokuvelisa umenzi, izixhobo kunye neeparamitha zazo ziya kuqwalaselwa.

Uyilo lwesakhiwo

Uyilo lwesakhiwo sebhetri luqwalasela ngokukodwa iimfuno zokugquma kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kobushushu.

• Iimfuno ze-insulation ngokubanzi zibandakanya le miba ilandelayo: I-Insulation phakathi kwe-electrode efanelekileyo kunye ne-negative; I-Insulation phakathi kweseli kunye ne-enclosure; Ukufakwa kwe-insulation phakathi kweepali kunye ne-enclosure; Isithuba sombane se-PCB kunye nomgama we-creepage, uyilo lwangaphakathi lwe-wiring, uyilo lokumisa, njl.
• Ukutshatyalaliswa kobushushu kukugcina amandla amakhulu okanye iibhetri zokutsala. Ngenxa yamandla aphezulu ezi bhetri, ubushushu obuveliswayo xa itshaja kwaye ikhutshwa bukhulu. Ukuba ubushushu abukwazi ukuchithwa ngexesha, ubushushu buya kuqokelela kwaye bubangele iingozi. Ngoko ke, ukukhethwa kunye noyilo lwezixhobo ezivaliweyo (Kufuneka ibe namandla athile omatshini kunye neemfuneko zothuli kunye neemfuneko zokungena kwamanzi), ukukhethwa kwenkqubo yokupholisa kunye nokunye ukufakwa kwe-thermal yangaphakathi, ukutshatyalaliswa kobushushu kunye nenkqubo yokucima umlilo kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo.

Kukhetho kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yokupholisa ibhetri, nceda ujonge ukukhutshwa kwangaphambili.

Uyilo lokhuseleko olusebenzayo

Iimpawu ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali zigqiba ukuba izinto eziphathekayo azikwazi ukukhawulela ukutshaja kunye nokukhupha i-voltage. Nje ukuba ukutshaja kunye nokukhupha i-voltage kudlule uluhlu olulinganisiweyo, kuya kubangela umonakalo ongenakuguqulwa kwibhetri ye-lithium. Ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko yokongeza isiphaluka sokukhusela ukugcina i-voltage kunye nekhoyo yeseli yangaphakathi kwisimo esiqhelekileyo xa ibhetri ye-lithium isebenza. Kwi-BMS yeebhetri, le misebenzi ilandelayo iyafuneka:

• Ukutshaja ngaphezulu kokhuseleko lombane: ukutshaja ngaphezulu sesinye sezizathu eziphambili zokubaleka kwe-thermal. Emva kokugqithiswa, izinto ze-cathode ziya kuwa ngenxa yokukhululwa kwe-lithium ion, kwaye i-electrode engalunganga iya kuba ne-lithium precipitation, ekhokelela ekunciphiseni ukuzinza kwe-thermal kunye nokwanda kweempendulo zecala, ezinomngcipheko wokubaleka kwe-thermal. Ke ngoko, kubaluleke kakhulu ukunqumla umsinga kwangexesha emva kokuba ukutshaja kufikelele kumda wombane ophezulu weseli. Oku kufuna ukuba i-BMS ibe nomsebenzi wokutshaja phezu kokhuseleko lombane, ukwenzela ukuba i-voltage yeseli ihlale igcinwe kumda wokusebenza. Kuya kuba ngcono ukuba i-voltage yokukhusela ayilona xabiso loluhlu kwaye iyahluka ngokubanzi, njengoko inokubangela ukuba ibhetri ingaphumeleli ukunqumla okwangoku ngexesha xa ihlawuliswe ngokupheleleyo, okubangela ukugqithiswa. I-voltage yokukhusela ye-BMS idla ngokuyilwa ukuba ifane okanye iphantsi kancinci kunombane ophezulu weseli.
• Ukutshaja ngaphezu kokhuseleko lwangoku: Ukutshaja ibhetri ekhoyo ngoku ngaphezu kwentlawulo okanye umda wokukhupha kunokubangela ukwanda kobushushu. Xa ubushushu buqokelela ngokwaneleyo ukunyibilikisa i-diaphragm, kunokubangela isiphaluka esifutshane sangaphakathi. Ke ngoko ukuhlawuliswa ngexesha lokhuseleko lwangoku nako kubalulekile. Sifanele sinikele ingqalelo ukuba ngaphezu kokhuseleko lwangoku alunakuba phezulu kunonyamezelo lwangoku lweseli kuyilo.
• Ukukhutshwa phantsi kokhuseleko lombane: Umbane omkhulu kakhulu okanye omncinci kakhulu uya konakalisa ukusebenza kwebhetri. Ukukhutshwa ngokuqhubekayo phantsi kwe-voltage kuya kubangela ukuba ubhedu luqhube kwaye i-electrode engafanelekanga iwa, ngoko ngokubanzi ibhetri iya kukhupha phantsi komsebenzi wokukhusela umbane.
• Ukukhutshwa ngokukhuselwa kwangoku: Uninzi lwentlawulo ye-PCB kunye nokukhupha nge-interface efanayo, kulo mzekelo ukuhlawulwa kunye nokukhutshwa kokukhusela okwangoku kuyahambelana. Kodwa ezinye iibhetri, ngakumbi iibhetri zezixhobo zombane, ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kunye nezinye iintlobo zeebhetri kufuneka zisebenzise ukukhutshwa okukhulu kwangoku okanye ukutshaja, okwangoku akuhambelani ngeli xesha, ngoko kulungele ukuhlawula kunye nokukhupha kwi-loop ezimbini zokulawula.
• Ukukhuselwa kwesiphaluka esifutshane: Ibhetri emfutshane yesiphaluka nayo enye yezona mpazamo eziqhelekileyo. Ungquzulwano oluthile, ukusetyenziswa kakubi, ukukhama, ukudinwa, ukungena kwamanzi, njl., kulula ukwenza isiphaluka esifutshane. Isiphaluka esifutshane siya kuvelisa ngokukhawuleza ukukhutshwa okukhulu okwangoku , okubangelwa ukunyuka okubukhali kwiqondo lokushisa kwebhetri. Kwangaxeshanye, uthotho lwee-electrochemical reactions ngokuqhelekileyo zenzeke kwiseli emva kwesiphaluka esifutshane sangaphandle, esikhokelela kuthotho lwee-reactions exothermic. Ukukhuselwa kwesiphaluka esifutshane kwakhona luhlobo lokhuseleko olungaphezulu kwangoku. Kodwa isiphaluka esifutshane sangoku siya kuba singenasiphelo, kwaye ukushisa kunye nokulimala akunasiphelo, ngoko ke ukhuseleko kufuneka lube lukhuni kakhulu kwaye lunokuqaliswa ngokuzenzekelayo. Amanyathelo okukhusela okufutshane okufutshane abandakanya oonxibelelwano, i-fuse, i-mos, njl.
• Ukukhuselwa kweqondo lobushushu ngaphezulu: Ibhetri inochuku kubushushu be-ambient. Ukushisa okuphezulu kakhulu okanye okuphantsi kakhulu kuya kuchaphazela ukusebenza kwayo. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukugcina ibhetri isebenza ngaphakathi kwiqondo lokushisa elilinganiselweyo. I-BMS kufuneka ibe nomsebenzi wokukhusela ubushushu ukumisa ibhetri xa iqondo lobushushu liphezulu kakhulu okanye lisezantsi kakhulu. Inokuthi ihlulwe kwintlawulo yokukhusela ukushisa kunye nokukhuselwa kobushushu bokukhutshwa, njl.
• Umsebenzi wokulinganisa: Kwincwadi yamanqaku kunye nezinye iibhetri ezininzi, kukho ukungahambelani phakathi kweeseli ngenxa yokungafani kwindlela yokuvelisa. Umzekelo, ezinye iiseli ukumelana kwangaphakathi kukhulu kunezinye. Oku kungahambelani kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi phantsi kweempembelelo zendalo yangaphandle. Ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko ukuba ube nomsebenzi wokulawula ukulinganisela ukuphumeza ukulingana kweseli. Kukho iindidi ezimbini zolingano ngokubanzi:

I-1.Passive balancing: Sebenzisa i-hardware, efana ne-voltage comparator, kwaye emva koko usebenzise ukutshitshiswa kobushushu ukukhupha amandla angaphezulu kwebhetri yomthamo ophezulu. Kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kukhulu, isantya sokulinganisa siyacotha, kwaye ukusebenza kakuhle kuphantsi.

I-2.Ukulinganisa okusebenzayo: sebenzisa i-capacitors ukugcina amandla eeseli ezinomthamo ophezulu kwaye uyikhuphe kwiseli kunye nombane ophantsi. Nangona kunjalo, xa umahluko woxinzelelo phakathi kweeseli ezikufutshane umncinci, ixesha lokulinganisa lide, kwaye i-voltage ye-equalization threshold inokusetwa ngokulula ngakumbi.

Ukuqinisekiswa okusemgangathweni

Ekugqibeleni, ukuba ufuna iibhetri zakho zingene ngempumelelo kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe okanye yasekhaya, kufuneka zihlangabezane nemigangatho ehambelanayo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwebhetri ye-lithium-ion. Ukusuka kwiiseli ukuya kwiibhetri kunye neemveliso zokusingatha kufuneka zihlangabezane nemigangatho yovavanyo ehambelanayo. Eli nqaku liza kugxila kwiimfuno zokukhusela ibhetri yasekhaya kwiimveliso ze-IT ze-elektroniki.

GB 31241-2022

Lo mgangatho wenzelwe iibhetri zezixhobo zombane eziphathwayo. Ngokukodwa iqwalasela i-term 5.2 iiparameters zokusebenza ezikhuselekileyo, i-10.1 ukuya kwi-10.5 iimfuno zokhuseleko lwe-PCM, i-11.1 kwiimfuno ze-11.5 zokhuseleko kwisekethe yokukhusela inkqubo (xa ibhetri ngokwayo ingenalo ukhuseleko), i-12.1 kunye ne-12.2 iimfuno zokuhambelana, kunye neSihlomelo A (kumaxwebhu) .

u Ikota yesi-5.2 ifuna iiparitha zeeseli kunye neebhetri kufuneka zihambelane, ezinokuqondwa njengeeparamitha zokusebenza zebhetri akufanelekanga ukuba zigqithise uluhlu lweeseli. Nangona kunjalo, ngaba iiparamitha zokukhusela ibhetri kufuneka ziqinisekiswe ukuba iiparamitha ezisebenzayo zebhetri azidluli uluhlu lweeseli? Kukho ukuqonda okuhlukeneyo, kodwa kwimbono yokhuseleko loyilo lwebhetri, impendulo nguewe. Ngokomzekelo, umbane ophezulu wokutshaja kwiseli (okanye ibhloko yeseli) yi-3000mA, ubuninzi bokusebenza bebhetri akufanele budlule i-3000mA, kwaye ukhuseleko lwangoku lwebhetri kufuneka luqinisekise ukuba okwangoku kwinkqubo yokutshaja akufanele kudlule. 3000mA. Kungale ndlela kuphela esinokukhusela ngokufanelekileyo kwaye siphephe iingozi. Ukuyila iiparamitha zokukhusela, nceda ubhekisele kwiSihlomelo A. Iqwalasela ipharamitha yoyilo lweseli - ibhetri - ibamba elisetyenziswayo, elibanzi ngokubanzi.

u Kwiibhetri ezinomjikelezo wokukhusela, uvavanyo lokhuseleko lwesekethe ye-10.1 ~ 10.5 luyimfuneko. Esi sahluko siphanda ikakhulu ukutshaja kukhuseleko lwamandla ombane, ukutshaja ngaphezulu kokhuseleko lwangoku, ukukhupha phantsi kokhuseleko lwamandla ombane, ukukhupha ukhuseleko lwangoku kunye nokukhuselwa kombane omfutshane. Ezi zikhankanywe apha ngasentlaUyilo loKhuseleko oluSebenzayokunye neemfuno ezisisiseko. I-GB 31241 ifuna ukujonga amaxesha angama-500.

u Ukuba ibhetri ngaphandle kwesekethe yokukhusela ikhuselwe yitshaja okanye isixhobo sokuphela kwayo, uvavanyo lokhuseleko lwe-11.1 ~ 11.5 inkqubo yokukhusela isiphaluka luya kuqhutywa ngesixhobo sokukhusela sangaphandle. I-voltage, yangoku kunye nolawulo lobushushu bentlawulo kunye nokukhutshwa kuphandwa kakhulu. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba, xa kuthelekiswa neebhetri ezineesekethe zokukhusela, iibhetri ezingenazo iisekethe zokukhusela zinokuthembela kuphela ekukhuselweni kwezixhobo ekusetyenzisweni kwangempela. Umngcipheko uphezulu, ngoko ke ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kunye neemeko zempazamo enye ziya kuvavanywa ngokwahlukeneyo. Oku kunyanzelisa isixhobo sokugqibela ukuba sibe nokhuseleko olubini; kungenjalo ayinakuluphumelela uvavanyo kwiSahluko se-11.

u Okokugqibela, ukuba kukho iiseli ezininzi kwibhetri, kufuneka uqwalasele isenzeko sokutshaja okungalungelelananga. Uvavanyo lokuthobela kwisahluko se-12 luyafuneka. Ibhalansi kunye nemisebenzi yokhuseleko loxinzelelo olwahlukileyo lwe-PCB iphandwa apha. Lo msebenzi awufuneki kwibhetri yeseli enye.

GB 4943.1-2022

Lo mgangatho ulungiselelwe iimveliso ze-AV. Ngokusetyenziswa okunyukayo kweemveliso ze-elektroniki zebhetri, inguqu entsha ye-GB 4943.1-2022 inika iimfuno ezithile zeebhetri kwiSihlomelo M, ukuvavanya izixhobo ezineebhetri kunye neesekethe zabo zokukhusela. Ngokusekelwe kuvavanyo lwesekethe yokukhusela ibhetri, iimfuno ezongezelelweyo zokhuseleko lwezixhobo eziqulethe iibhetri ze-lithium yesibini nazo zongezwa.

u Isekethe yokukhusela ibhetri ye-lithium yesibini iphanda ngokugqithisileyo, ukukhutshwa ngokugqithisileyo, ukutshaja umva, ukutshaja ukhuseleko lokhuseleko (ubushushu), ukukhuselwa kwesiphaluka esifutshane, njl. Le mfuneko ayikhankanywanga kumgangatho webhetri we-GB 31241. Ngoko kuyilo lomsebenzi wokukhusela ibhetri, kufuneka sidibanise iimfuno ezisemgangathweni zebhetri kunye nomninimzi. Ukuba ibhetri inokhuseleko olulodwa kuphela kwaye akukho zixhobo ezingafunekiyo, okanye ibhetri ayinayo isiphaluka sokukhusela kwaye isiphaluka sokukhusela sinikezelwa kuphela ngumgcini, umphathi kufuneka afakwe kule nxalenye yovavanyo.

Ukuqukumbela

Ukuqukumbela, ukuyila ibhetri ekhuselekileyo, ngaphezu kokukhethwa kwezinto ngokwazo, ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esilandelayo kunye noyilo lokhuseleko olusebenzayo lubaluleke ngokulinganayo. Nangona imigangatho eyahlukeneyo ineemfuno ezahlukeneyo zeemveliso, ukuba ukhuseleko loyilo lwebhetri lunokuqwalaselwa ngokupheleleyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zeemarike ezahlukeneyo, ixesha lokukhokela lingancitshiswa kakhulu kwaye imveliso inokukhawuleziswa kwimarike. Ukongeza kokudibanisa imithetho, imimiselo kunye nemigangatho yamazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nemimandla, kuyafuneka kwakhona ukuyila iimveliso ezisekelwe ekusetyenzisweni kwangempela kweebhetri kwiimveliso ze-terminal.